Russia’s Leading Role in the Indonesian Mining Revolution

Russia’s Leading Role in the Indonesian Mining Revolution

By Randy Fabi & Fergus Jensen on 10:45 am Mar 24, 2014

1.  Russia’s two metal giants have emerged as big winners from Indonesia’s new mining law, after leading a drive to get Jakarta to stick to its controversial mineral ore export ban in the face of opposition from miners and Asian buyers.

In its six-month lobbying campaign last year, United Company Rusal and Norilsk Nickel delivered a blunt message to Indonesian officials: We will only invest billions of dollars in smelters if you ban bauxite and nickel ore exports.

The effort seemed to have paid off, despite a denial by Indonesia that it was influenced. When the law came into effect this year, Indonesia enforced a water-tight export ban for only two major minerals — nickel ore and bauxite.

The halting of $3 billion of annual nickel ore and bauxite exports has already lifted the price of nickel and helped support aluminium, boosting the fortunes of Rusal and Norilsk, the world’s top aluminium and nickel producers, respectively.

At the same time, it has strengthened the case for the pair to invest billions of dollars in Indonesia to build smelters to replace costly capacity in Russia, a key part of a recovery plan for struggling Rusal and in line with Indonesia’s own aims to earn more from its minerals resources.

The mineral ore export ban is aimed at forcing miners to move up the value chain by processing the minerals they dig up.

Rusal CEO Oleg Deripaska traveled repeatedly to Jakarta last year as signs emerged that the government might water down the ban under pressure from miners, and concerns over its impact on Southeast Asia’s largest economy.

“They made the export ban policy the main requirement for them to invest here,” Industry Minister Mohamad Hidayat told Reuters.

Just before the ban took effect on Jan. 12, Indonesia conceded to pressure from miners and made last-minute changes to the policy to allow shipments of most metals to go on, but it did not relax the policy for nickel ore and bauxite.

The supply cuts have already been a game changer for nickel, with benchmark nickel prices soaring 17 percent to an 11-month high after the ban, while starving global markets of bauxite that should help curb China’s huge aluminium expansion and support global prices.

This has benefited Rusal and Norilsk, whose shares have risen more than 11 percent since the ban, though it has been at the expense of big buyers such as China and Japan. It has also come at a price for Indonesia which, despite gaining a pledge for a smelter, has suffered mine closures and layoffs.

“Behind all of this is Rusal,” said Tjandra Irawan, director of Indonesia’s Mineral Entrepreneurs Association. “What Rusal always wanted was a total ban … only then would they invest.”

Indonesia’s industry minister denied overseas firms played a role in how the ban was implemented. Foreign influence on such a big economic policy is sensitive in Indonesia, particularly with elections looming in a few months.

Russian firms were, however, involved like no other foreign companies in pushing their case — repeatedly sending executives to Jakarta, organizing a conference to lobby officials, and teaming up with influential industry players to push their case.

When asked about its lobbying strategy, Rusal said it was “closely following the developments” in the months leading up to the ban because of the uncertainty over how the government would implement the law. Norilsk declined to comment.

Second thoughts

Before the ban, Indonesia was the world’s top nickel ore exporter and the largest bauxite supplier to China, accounting for around 12 percent of the global market in both cases.

In February, Maxim Sokov, first deputy CEO of En+, the parent of Rusal, said the ban was helping market prices of aluminium and nickel turn upwards. Sokov is also a board member of Norilsk.

Around the middle of last year, Indonesia began wavering on the proposal due to fears a complete ore export ban would hurt the economy and lead to widespread unemployment.

Government officials sought to reassure the mining sector that the law would be diluted.

This worried Rusal, which has been struggling with weak aluminium prices and mounting debt and saw the export ban as key to its turnaround strategy, which included making Indonesia a regional hub for its alumina production.

“Rusal and Norilsk were the only foreigners that seemed to be really concerned about how the ban would be implemented,” said a government official close to the matter, who declined to be identified because of the sensitivity of the subject.

China and Japan, both big buyers of Indonesian nickel ore, have been concerned by the ban. Beijing is organising a delegation of Chinese firms to visit Jakarta to discuss the new rules, while Japan is considering taking Indonesia to the World Trade Organisation over the ban.

Russian investment

From June last year, Rusal’s CEO went to Indonesia at least three times in six months to push the government over the issue.

The Russian firms also teamed up with UBS and the Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry to hold a seminar in Jakarta in October attended by top government officials.

The firms were especially worried about a proposal from the mines ministry that could allow exports of unprocessed mineral ore to continue for companies planning to build smelters.

The ministry dropped the proposal a month later after it was rejected by parliament, though sought industry input on how to implement the mining law without damaging the entire sector.

The export ban has also hurt US miners in Indonesia.

Despite being allowed to continue exporting copper, Freeport-McMoRan Copper and Gold Inc and Newmont Mining Corp have halted shipments and cut output due to a dispute over an escalating export tax under the new rules.

While US, Japanese, and Chinese firms have long been big investors in resource-rich Indonesia, Russian firms are now pledging to significantly lift their investment.

Rusal’s Deripaska came with a big Russian business delegation to Jakarta in February to sign a memorandum of understanding to build an alumina smelter in West Kalimantan for an estimated $3 billion. Russian Railways is also planning to invest $2 billion in a line to East Kalimantan coal rail line.