THE JOURNAL OF FINANCE • VOL. LXVI, NO. 1 • FEBRUARY 2011
When Is a Liability Not a Liability? Textual Analysis, Dictionaries, and 10-Ks
TIM LOUGHRAN and BILL MCDONALD∗
ABSTRACT
Previous research uses negative word counts to measure the tone of a text. We show
that word lists developed for other disciplines misclassify common words in financial
text. In a large sample of 10-Ks during 1994 to 2008, almost three-fourths of the words
identified as negative by the widely used Harvard Dictionary are words typically not
considered negative in financial contexts. We develop an alternative negative word
list, along with five other word lists, that better reflect tone in financial text. We link
the word lists to 10-K filing returns, trading volume, return volatility, fraud, material
weakness, and unexpected earnings.